Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Concordat of 1801 Napoleon and the Church

The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between France – as represented by Napoleon Bonaparte – and both the church in France and the Papacy over the position of the Roman Catholic Church in France. This first sentence is a little bit false because while the concordat was officially a religious settlement on behalf of the French nation, Napoleon and the aims of the future French empire were so massively central to it, its basically Napoleon and the Papacy. The Need for a Concordat An agreement was needed because the increasingly radical French Revolution stripped away the old rights and privileges the church had enjoyed, seized much of its land and sold it on to secular landholders, and at one point seemed on the verge, under Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, of starting a new religion. By the time Napoleon took power the schism between the church and state was much reduced and a Catholic revival had taken place across much of France. This had led some to play down the achievement of the Concordat, but its important to remember that the French Revolution had torn religion in France apart, and whether there was a Napoleon or not someone had to try and bring the situation to peace. There was still an official disagreement, between the remainder of the church, especially the Papacy, and the state and Napoleon believed some agreement was necessary to help bring settlement to France (and to boost his own status). A friendly Catholic Church could enforce belief in Napoleon, and spell out what Napoleon thought were the right ways to live in Imperial France, but only if Napoleon could come to terms. Equally, a broken church undermined peace, caused great tensions between the traditional piety of rural areas and anti-clerical towns, fueled royal and counter-revolutionary ideas. As Catholicism was linked to royalty and monarchy, Napoleon wished to link it to his royalty and monarchy. Napoleon’s decision to come to terms was thus entirely pragmatic but welcomed by many. Just because Napoleon was doing it for his own gain doesnt mean a Concordat wasnt needed, just that the one they got was a certain way. The Agreement This agreement was the Concordat of 1801, although it was officially promulgated at Easter 1802 after going through twenty-one re-writes. Napoleon also had it delayed so he could first secure peace militarily, hoping a grateful nation would not be disturbed by Jacobin enemies of the agreement. The Pope agreed to accept the seizure of church property, and France agreed to give bishops and other church figures wages from the state, ending the separation of the two. The First Consul (which meant Napoleon himself) was given the power to nominate bishops, the map of church geography was rewritten with altered parishes and bishoprics. Seminaries were again legal. Napoleon also added the ‘Organic Articles’ which controlled Papal control over bishops, favoring government wishes and upsetting the Pope. Other religions were allowed. In effect, the Papacy had endorsed Napoleon. End of the Concordat The peace between Napoleon and the Pope fractured in 1806 when Napoleon introduced a new ‘imperial’ catechism. These were sets of questions and answers designed to educate people about the Catholic religion, but Napoleon’s versions educated and indoctrinated people in the ideas of his empire. Napoleon’s relationship with the church also remained frosty, especially after he gave himself his own Saint’s Day on August 16th. The Pope even excommunicated Napoleon, who responded by arresting the Pope. Yet the Concordat remained intact, and though it wasn’t perfect, with some regions proving slow Napoleon tried to take more power from the church in 1813 when the Concordat of Fontainebleau was forced on the pope, but this was quickly rejected. Napoleon brought a form of religious peace to France that the revolutionary leaders had found beyond their reach. Napoleon may have fallen from power in 1814 and 15, and republics and empires came and went, but the Concordat remained until 1905 when a new French republic canceled it in favor of the ‘Separation Law’ which split church and state.​

Monday, May 18, 2020

Xmgt/216 Business Ethics Across Culture Article Review

Business Ethics Across Culture Article Review Matthew Todd XMGT/216 June 2, 2012 Mike Ishmael Business Ethics Across Culture Article Review The first article I would like to elaborate on would be one about business ethics in Singapore. This country has the reputation of being very strict in nature and sometimes unforgiving in the consequences that they often give to people. Over time they have loosened their grip on social matters but still seem to be strict in their manners of business. They follow through with business transactions and promote all around good ethics in business as a normal practice. This article explained the results of a survey that was completed in January 2010, by companies that were members of the Singapore†¦show more content†¦They believe nepotism is a positive thing, and they take pride in employing someone that they know and trust. When guests are invited into their homes they treat them like royalty and wait on them hand and foot. The Dominican people take a lot of pride in their appearance, and wearing nice clothes is a sign of success and social pride. Designer labels from the U.S. are the ones of choice and are looked upon as a sign of success when they are worn. Business attire for men is a dark colored suit, and for woman it is a business suit or dress, and should look respectable with jewelry and make-up. They greet each other with handshakes and always keep eye contact with people when they communicate because it is a sign of honesty and interest. Networking in the Dominican Republic is extremely important when it comes to business so that you can meet more people that can further your career and standard of living, often times who you know is more important than what you know. When scheduling times for a business meeting it often needs to be 2-3 weeks in advance. Punctuality is important in business and you are expected to be there on time for a meeting. When it comes to other social events punctuality is somewhat relaxed in nature. When arrived at the meeting everyone introduces them selves and exchanges their business cards. Always take good care of th e business cards you receive and put them in a business card holder. This shows respect for the card,Show MoreRelatedAssignment: Business Ethics Across Cultures Article Review3518 Words   |  15 PagesAssignment: Business Ethics Across Cultures Article Review Crystal Williams XMGT/216 May 23, 2010 Elizabeth Berg Business Ethics Across Cultures Article Review The first Article that I read is titled Business Ethics in China. In this article the author talked about how China is open to considering the ethical issues as they want to be global players. The Chinese are aware of some of their own corrupt business practices such as favoring family and cronies. Because the Chinese are doing

Monday, May 11, 2020

Your Reboot Education †Marketing Plan †Internal, External

Your Reboot Education – Marketing Plan – Internal, External and SWOT Analyses My marketing plan is focused on an online education platform, Your Reboot Education (working name), which I am currently developing. Your Reboot Education exists to solve a fundamental problem with the currently established education system - the lack of time and attention the currently established education system devotes to enabling its students to realise their own life-and-career course upon graduation. To this end, Your Reboot Education will plug some of the holes in the currently established education system and will provide its users with a toolkit which they can use to identify their life-and-career course. However, unlike most MOOC platforms, Your†¦show more content†¦In this regard, I am referring to online education and consultation lifestyle design services such as The Suitcase Entrepreneur (http://suitcaseentrepreneur.com/start-here/) The 4-Hour Work Week (http://fourhourworkweek.com/) Who else is currently competing in this market? Your Reboot Education is less of MOOC provider platform and much more of a lifestyle definition and design service. To this end the key competitors would be†¦ Lifestyle design and other online education personal development service providers. Which type of customers are you looking to appeal to? Prospective higher education students, higher education students, career starters and career changers. Individuals who have experienced learning difficulties and do not have access to higher education due to the high costs involved. English speakers (initially). 2. Internal analysis. What are your product/service’s elements of differentiation? Your Reboot Education will cater to a segment of the market which is often overlooked by both formal and independent education institutions. Most currently established education institutions are great at producing a massShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Information Security, 4th Ed. - Michael E. Whitman Chap 0118683 Words   |  75 PagesVice President Editorial, Career Education Training Solutions: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Matthew Kane Executive Editor: Steve Helba Managing Editor: Marah Bellegarde Product Manager: Natalie Pashoukos Development Editor: Lynne Raughley Editorial Assistant: Jennifer Wheaton Vice President Marketing, Career Education Training Solutions: Jennifer Ann Baker Marketing Director: Deborah S. Yarnell Senior Marketing Manager: Erin Coffin Associate Marketing Manager: Shanna Gibbs ProductionRead MoreOnline Banking42019 Words   |  169 Pagesencryption, firewalls, certification of digital signature, Public/Private Key Infrastructure (PKI) infrastructure etc. The regulator is equally concerned about the security policy for the banking industry and other issues like security awarenes s, education etc. 1.1.6 The supervisory and operational issues include risk control measures, advance warning system, Information technology audit and re-engineering of operational procedures. The regulator would also be concerned with whether the nature ofRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesthe government. The channels of credit, the arteries of the global financial system, have been constricted, cutting off crucial funds to consumers and businesses small and large. In response, the federal government adopted a $700 billion bailout plan meant to reassure the markets and get credit flowing again. But the crisis began to spread to Europe and to emerging markets, with governments scrambling to prop up banks, broaden guarantees for deposits and agree on a coordinated response. Origins Read MoreItsc 2439 Ch1-12 Study Guides Essay28023 Words   |  113 Pagesdepartments. ____ 13. One way to classify end users is by whether they use a computer occasionally, frequently, or extensively in their work. ____ 14. A computer professional in an organization, such as a programmer, is generally considered to be an external user. ____ 15. PCs that are advertised in newspapers are usually complete end-user systems. ____ 16. Computer hardware sold today is so reliable it rarely needs repairs or replacement. ____ 17. A digital camera is an example of a computer peripheralRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesorganizations take performance management synonymously of performance appraisal. Yet performance management is clearly more than a new name for performance appraisal (Edmonstone, 1996). The increased competitive nature of the economy and rapid changes in the external environment has forced many organizations to shift from reactive performance appraisals to the proactive performance management to boost productivity and improve organizational performance (Nayab, May, 2011). Most organizations prefer to call their

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Immigration Reforms Domino Effect - 1347 Words

The actions made in today’s societies across the country not only affect those situations immediately at hand, but also those for generations to come. This paper will be delving into immigration reform in Arizona, and more specifically the negative effects that the border surge has had on the socio-economic status of the Grand Canyon state. The motivation for choosing this topic comes from the time spent personally living in Arizona for 12 years and seeing it as one of the most dynamic states having to solve problems for a multitude of issues that arouse within it. The main drive for this paper is the question that asks, what are the socio-economic impacts of the Arizona immigration legislation? This question focusing more on supporting†¦show more content†¦A lot was learned from Wilson’s article as it became clearer as to who was supporting the idea of the immigration reform having negative effects on Arizona socio-economic status. Also the article posed a lot of critical questions that were very helpful to the question this paper poses, but also challenged it with questions asking how much do undocumented immigrants put into Arizona’s economy? Will businesses begin to fail as they are forced to conform to the new government border surge and endure all the negative results that follow these big changes to Arizona’s cultural image? All very surprising as these were questions not yet introduced to this paper. Relating back to class, Wilson is able to bring up concepts that can be compared to lectures all the way back in week 2 talking about overpopulation and resource usage. Although this paper is not about overpopulation the great number of undocumented immigrants can pose a smaller scale problem in Arizona that could fall into this category, as more immigrate the resources Arizona has to offer may not be sufficient for the combined number of undocumented and documented citizens. Now touching base with other half, the social effects of the immigration law reform in Arizona now trickle down from the government and business troubles to the struggles of everyday life for residents. This article looks into what economies essentially thrive on in order

Prostitution, Promiscuity and Venereal Disease Free Essays

PROSTITUTION †¢Prostitution is the act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. †¢Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being a punishable crime to a regulated profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution, Promiscuity and Venereal Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢Prostitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession†. Causes of Prostitution: 1) Poverty and unemployment has triggered the rapid spread of prostitution in the Philippines. It provides those involved in this profession a considerable amount of income to support their families as well as supply a steady flow of remittances from urban to rural areas or from prostitutes working overseas. 2) Women have been tricked into prostitution with guarantees of decent job opportunities in the city or abroad or have been kidnapped and then forced to work as prostitutes. 3) Family expectations and problems are common factors why many enter the prostitution business. Women in particular are pressured to pay for their sibling’s education or support a sick family member. Other aspects such as dysfunctional families or constant abuse from parents have lead adolescents to leave their homes and are attracted by the easy profits from prostitution. VENEREAL DISEASE †¢A disease that is contracted and transmitted by sexual contact, caused by microorganisms that survive on the skin or mucus membranes, or that are transmitted via semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during intercourse. Because the genital areas provide a moist, warm environment that is especially conducive to the proliferation of bacteria, viruses, and yeasts, a great many diseases can be transmitted this way. They include AIDS, Chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, syphilis, yeast infections, and some forms of hepatitis. Also known as a morbus venereus or sexually transmitted disease (STD). PROMISCUITY †¢Refers to â€Å"casual sex† with multiple sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgment and is viewed in the context of the mainstream social ideal for sexual activity to take place within exclusive committed relationships. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous within the mainstream social ideals of many cultures is a one night stand. †¢One scientific study found that promiscuous men and women are judged equally harshly and both genders express strong preference for sexually conservative partners. How to cite Prostitution, Promiscuity and Venereal Disease, Papers

Prostitution, Promiscuity and Venereal Disease Free Essays

PROSTITUTION †¢Prostitution is the act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. †¢Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being a punishable crime to a regulated profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Prostitution, Promiscuity and Venereal Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢Prostitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession†. Causes of Prostitution: 1) Poverty and unemployment has triggered the rapid spread of prostitution in the Philippines. It provides those involved in this profession a considerable amount of income to support their families as well as supply a steady flow of remittances from urban to rural areas or from prostitutes working overseas. 2) Women have been tricked into prostitution with guarantees of decent job opportunities in the city or abroad or have been kidnapped and then forced to work as prostitutes. 3) Family expectations and problems are common factors why many enter the prostitution business. Women in particular are pressured to pay for their sibling’s education or support a sick family member. Other aspects such as dysfunctional families or constant abuse from parents have lead adolescents to leave their homes and are attracted by the easy profits from prostitution. VENEREAL DISEASE †¢A disease that is contracted and transmitted by sexual contact, caused by microorganisms that survive on the skin or mucus membranes, or that are transmitted via semen, vaginal secretions, or blood during intercourse. Because the genital areas provide a moist, warm environment that is especially conducive to the proliferation of bacteria, viruses, and yeasts, a great many diseases can be transmitted this way. They include AIDS, Chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, syphilis, yeast infections, and some forms of hepatitis. Also known as a morbus venereus or sexually transmitted disease (STD). PROMISCUITY †¢Refers to â€Å"casual sex† with multiple sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgment and is viewed in the context of the mainstream social ideal for sexual activity to take place within exclusive committed relationships. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous within the mainstream social ideals of many cultures is a one night stand. †¢One scientific study found that promiscuous men and women are judged equally harshly and both genders express strong preference for sexually conservative partners. How to cite Prostitution, Promiscuity and Venereal Disease, Papers

Standards Of Professional Nursing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Standards Of Professional Nursing. Answer: Introduction Conscientious objection has always been a debatable topic in thenursing profession across the world. According to (Odell, Abhyankar, Malcom, Rua, 2014), the conscientious objection can be defined as the decline of a health provider to administer services to a patient, simply because, the process would go against their ethical and moral standards. In the nursing profession, it is often used by nurses to refuse to undertake some duties, procedures or practices based on their conscience. However, this practice has to be practiced within the guidelines and regulations set by the healthcare governing bodies. In Australia, the registered nurses (RNs) work under the guidance of the registered nurse (RN) practice. It is a professional undertaking that needs critical thinking, comprehensive analysis and maintenance of constructive relationships. According to (AustralianNursing Midwifery Federation, 2015), conscientious objection is one of the rights granted to the RNs in Australia. However, RNs are regulated healthcare technicians and exercise their responsibility and accountability to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). Conscientious objection involves moments of critical decision-making, moral integrity, and strict adherence to the professional code of conduct for the RNs. But they have to undertake it within the stipulated national and core competency standards set by NMBA by which their performance is assessed. In the medical field, RNs are often faced with a wide range of morally controversial health dilemmas. However, the nurses' right to refusal of what they deem "unacceptable" may have limits. With the rights accorded to defend their moral, religious and ethical integrity, there is a level of refusal that cannot be allowed for anursing professional in line with h/her duty (Megan-Jane Johnstone, 2010), and these includes fear, personal preferences and prejudices. Circumstances that May Lead to Nurses Refusal of Patient Care Among many national professional competency standards set for the RNs by (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia) Compliance with the common law and legislation is required and this means that RNs must be aware among many other rules that their actions must demonstrate legal implications of the nursing practice and legal implications of nursing interventions. Additionally, in their fulfillment of the duty of care, RNs must recognize the responsibility to prevent harm. Another crucial professional competency requires RNs to recognize and respond to unsafe and unprofessional practice, which involves interventions that prevent compromising of care and identifying behaviour that may deter optimal care. All these outlined professional competency practices can provide valid basis for conscientious objection. Generally, RNs are guided by morality and ethics. Understanding what is right or wrong is key to correct decision-making. According to (Magelssen, 2012), having a strong conviction t o morality and religious beliefs that guide you into doing what is right and avoiding the wrongs, is a beautiful and desirable character trait. Therefore, according to (Lachman, 2014) some of the circumstances that may lead to nurses refusal of duty involve the following: A Terrible Violation of Strongly Held Convictions Some circumstances in medical field require tough measures to perform and this is what the RNs are faced with frequently in their line of duties. When a RN has a strong belief that taking part in some practices such as assisted suicide for a terminally ill patient is wrong, he/she will not take part in it. The RN will have to find alternatives including avoiding giving a killer dosage to the patient and instead referring the patient for a palliative care. Ending a patients life is a critical decision that very few would easily accept to participate in. It is morally believed that every person has a right to live, and the nurses primary objective is to save lives, hence, any practice that may involve ending the life of a patient rather than saving it is a tough practice that many deem socially, ethically and morally unacceptable. Plausible Rationale These are circumstances embedded in ethical and religious beliefs of the nurse. Sometimes it involves the secular morals that aid in reasoning and common sense that activities such as ending a patient's life are not acceptable. However (Edwards, 2010), reiterates that even though secular morality should be considered and practiced on the same level as any other morality, it can be unpredictably wrong or disastrous. But as much as this may be a valid reason to question the types of morality used to refuse participation, (Margaret A Burkhardt; Alvita K Nathaniel, 2014) reaffirms that the source of moral values do not matter, but what matters is, they are crucial to the identity of an individual. Integrity and morality are therefore good reasons that may lead a nurse into declining to participate in certain duties. Less Significant Treatments to Your Work In certain circumstances, some hospices accept palliative sedation as a measure to relieve the suffering of terminally ill patients. Therefore, as a nurse, it will not make much sense for you to take up employment in such hospice because, palliative sedation is a controversial practice that has always raised questions, and while some agree with it, others completely despise it. It is, therefore, reasonable for a nurse not take-up a patient care role in a hospice with palliative care unit whereby such crude interventions are clearly inevitable. The Relationship between Conscientious Objection and Nurses Ethics Decisions made by the RNs not participate in patient care in most instances are derived from the ethical point of view, as enshrined in NMBAs professional and ethical principles. RNs have the moral obligation to maintain very high levels of ethical practices. According to the (Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation, 2015), all the nurses regardless of their titles, have a right to decline to participate in activities they strongly hold on religious, moral and ethical grounds. But the federation further adds that, in the process of conscientious objection, the nurses should ensure that they dont compromise quality patient care and safety. According to (Nursing World, 2010), the primary ethical responsibility nursing professionals have is the respect for human dignity. This is the fundamental principle that guides all the procedures and practices of the nursing profession. Conscientious objection arises as for when a nurse is faced with a situation whereby he/she has to break the ethical standards, which is always their conscience. It is understandable that practices such as aiding patient suicide go against the respect for human dignity. Therefore, in this scenario, it is clearly shown that instances of conscientious objection are a clear defense of ethical standards. According to NMBAs competency standards within ethical nursing framework, RNs must accept patients regardless of their ethnic background, culture, gender, religion, age physical or mental state and accept the rights of others, which include the right to life. Furthermore, the RNs must always seek interventions on matters that involve moral conflict. The RN practice must understand the proximity of their patients' health problems, respect their rights and dignity despite their problems and most importantly, that the dignity and worth of a patient are not taken away by the nature of the health problem. The Significance of Conscientious Objection The toughest test RNs encounters is the dilemma of either performing the required tasks or declining and maintaining moral integrity. However, in most instances when nurses are faced with such situations, maintaining ethical integrity should not be an option. Conscientious objection is beneficial to patients. It arises from situations which compromise the eligibility of ethics, and RNs are allowed to practice it, as stipulated in NMBAs competency standards 2.1, practices in accordance with the nursing professions code of ethics and conduct. This is to avoid tempering with integrity, which may lead to moral distress (American Nurses Association., 2010). Since the conscientious objection is based on individuals commitment to stand for the acceptable moral standards (Wicclair, 2011), then those morals can easily be presumably of good faith. Avoiding practices such as ending patient's lives and cases such as abortion are in the best interest of the patient because at the end of the day, only lifethe value of nursingis saved. The conscientious objection serves the purpose of avoiding what is social, morally, religiously and ethically wrong in the nursing profession. Conclusively, conscientious objection is enshrined in integrity and what is morally acceptable as set in NMBAs professional and ethical standards. It should be practiced in the best interest of the patients. Although in some instances, differentiating conscientious objection from factors such as cowardice, personal opinion or dislike by the nurses is difficult (Jackie Crisp; Catherine Taylor; Clint Douglas; Geraldine Rebeiro, 2012); it still doesn't erode the valid reason behind the practice. It is fueled by the refusal of the RNs not to perform some patient care aspects, (Alexandra Robbins, 2016), but at it is a requirement through the ethical principles of nursing that at no point should a nurse abandon the rights of a patient. Bibliography Alexandra Robbins. (2016). The nurses : a year of secrets, drama, and miracles with the heroes of the hospital. New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company, Inc.,. American Nurses Association. (2010). Nursing's social policy statement : the essence of the profession. Silver Spring, Md: American Nurses Association. Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation. (2015). Conscientious objection. ANMF Policy. Edwards, S. (2010). Conscientious objection. Nursing Ethics, 421-423. Jackie Crisp; Catherine Taylor; Clint Douglas; Geraldine Rebeiro. (2012). Potter Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing - AUS Version. London : Elsevier Health Sciences APAC. Lachman, L. D. (2014). Conscientious Objection in Nursing: Definition and Criteria for Acceptance. Ethics, Law and Policy, 196-198. Magelssen, M. (2012). When should conscientious objection be accepted? Journal of Medical Ethics, 18-21. Margaret A Burkhardt; Alvita K Nathaniel. (2014). Ethics issues in contemporary nursing. Australia : Cengage Learning. Megan-Jane Johnstone. (2010). Bioethics : a nursing perspective. Sydney, N.S.W: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (n.d.). National competency standards for the registered nurse. Nursing World. (2010). Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements. Code of Ethics, 1-14. Odell, J., Abhyankar, R., Malcom, A., Rua, A. (2014). Conscientious objection in health professions. A readers guide to the ethical and social issues. Wicclair, M. (2011). Conscientious objection in health care: An ethical analysis. New York, NY: Cambridge University Pres.